Effect of Heated Saline Solution on Pain Intensity, Wound Bed Temperature, and Comfort during Chronic Wound Dressing Changes: Crossover Randomized Clinical Trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of heated saline solution during wound cleaning on the intensity of pain related to the procedure, the temperature of the wound bed, and the comfort of patients with chronic wounds. Further, to investigate patient preference in relation to the temperature of the solution used for cleaning. METHODS: Crossover, single-blind, clinical trial with 32 people with chronic wounds. Providers cleaned the wounds with room temperature and heated saline solution. Participants were randomized into group 1 A/B (heated solution first, room temperature second) or group 2 B/A (room temperature solution first, heated solution second), with a 10-minute washout period. Investigators evaluated pain intensity, wound bed temperature, and patient-reported comfort and preference. RESULTS: The heated solution was preferred (P = .04) and more often referred to as comfortable (P = .04) by the participants. There was no difference in pain intensity before and after cleaning with room temperature (2.03; P = .155) and heated saline (2.25; P = .44). The heated solution increased the temperature of the wound bed by 0.5 °C. CONCLUSIONS: Although heating saline solution could be an important comfort measure during dressing changes, quantitatively, the temperature of the solution did not significantly change the temperature of the wound bed nor the intensity of pain patients experienced.

Fatores associados à percepção do risco biológico e aos acidentes com material biológico em Agentes Comunitários de Saúde / Factors associated with the perception of biological risk and accidents with biological material in community health workers / Factores asociados a la percepción del riesgo biológico y de los accidentes con material biológico en los agentes comunitarios de salud

Objetivos: identificar fatores associados à acidentes com material biológico e à percepção do risco biológico entre Agentes Comunitários de Saúde (ACS). Métodos: estudo transversal analítico realizado com ACS, mediante aplicação de questionário e consulta de registros no cartão de vacinas. Regressão múltipla de Poisson com variância robusta foi realizada para analisar os fatores associados aos acidentes com material biológico e à percepção do risco biológico. Resultados: dos 207 participantes, 50,24% (IC 95% = 43,4 - 56,9) apresentou autorrelato de acidentes com material biológico, tendo como fatores associados possuir formação de nível superior [RP ajustada = 2,2 (IC 95% = 1,0 - 4,7)], ter outro vínculo empregatício [RP ajustada = 1,5 (IC 95% = 1,0 - 2,3)] e conhecimento quanto às vacinas necessárias ao ACS [RP ajustada = 0,7 (0,5 - 0,9)]. Constatou-se que 74,39% dos ACS tinham percepção de algum risco biológico, mesmo de forma limitada. Entre as variáveis investigadas, na análise ajustada, nenhuma mostrou associação com a percepção de risco biológico pelos ACS. Conclusão: a prevalência de acidentes com material biológico em ACS é elevada, sendo fatores associados possuir formação de nível superior, ter outro vínculo empregatício e apresentar conhecimento quanto as vacinas necessárias para a atividade laboral. Há limitada percepção de risco pela maioria dos ACS. Não foram encontrados fatores associados à esta variável.

Objectives: to identify factors associated with accidents involving biological material and the perception of biological risk among community health workers (CHWs). Methods: an analytical cross-sectional study was carried out with CHWs using a questionnaire and consultation of vaccination card records. Poisson multiple regression with robust variance was conducted to analyze the factors associated with accidents involving biological material and perception of biological risk. Results: of the 207 participants, 50.24% (95% CI = 43.4 - 56.9) self-reported accidents with biological material, and the associated factors were having a university degree [adjusted PR = 2.2 (95% CI = 1.0 - 4.7)], having another job [adjusted PR = 1.5 (95% CI = 1.0 - 2.3)] and knowledge of the vaccines needed by CHWs [adjusted PR = 0.7 (0.5 - 0.9)]. It was found that 74.39% of CHWs were aware of some biological risk, even to a limited extent. Among the variables investigated, in the adjusted analysis, none showed an association with the perception of biological risk by CHWs. Conclusion: the prevalence of accidents involving biological material among CHWs is high, and the associated factors are having a university degree, having another job, and having knowledge of the vaccines required for the job. Most CHWs have a limited perception of the risk. No factors were associated with this variable.

Objetivos: identificar los factores asociados a los accidentes con material biológico y la percepción del riesgo biológico entre agentes comunitarios de salud (ACS). Métodos: estudio transversal analítico realizado con los ACS mediante cuestionario y consulta de los registros de las cartillas de vacunación. Se realizó una regresión múltiple de Poisson con varianza robusta para analizar los factores asociados a los accidentes con material biológico y la percepción del riesgo biológico. Resultados: de los 207 participantes, el 50,24% (IC 95% = 43,4 - 56,9) declararon haber sufrido accidentes con material biológico, y los factores asociados fueron tener un título universitario [PR ajustado = 2,2 (IC 95% = 1,0 - 4,7)], tener otro trabajo [PR ajustado = 1,5 (IC 95% = 1,0 - 2,3)] y conocer las vacunas que necesitan los ACS [PR ajustado = 0,7 (0,5 - 0,9)]. Se observó que el 74,39% de los ACS conocían algún riesgo biológico, aunque fuera de forma limitada. De las variables investigadas en el análisis ajustado, ninguna mostró una asociación con la percepción del riesgo biológico por parte de los ACS. Conclusión: la prevalencia de accidentes con material biológico entre los ACS es alta, y los factores asociados son tener un título universitario, tener otro trabajo y tener conocimientos sobre las vacunas necesarias para el trabajo. La mayoría de los ACS tienen una percepción limitada del riesgo. No se encontraron factores asociados a esta variable.

Hydrogel-based dressings in the treatment of partial thickness experimentally induced burn wounds in rats.

PURPOSE: To compare four commercially available hydrogel formulations in the healing of partial thickness burns experimentally induced in rats. METHODS: Wistar rats were used, and after the burn wound induction they were divided into the following treatment groups: G1) NaCl 0.9%; G2) 1% silver sulfadiazine; G3) Debrigel™; G4) Safgel™; G5) Dersani™; G6) Solosite™. The animals were followed during seven, 14 and 30 days after the injury induction. Morphometric, macroscopic and microscopic evaluations were performed. RESULTS: The treatment with Dersani™ induced better results during the inflammatory and proliferative phases of the healing process (p<0.05). The animals treated with Safgel™ presented better scaring in the remodeling phase (p<0.05), and the treatment with Dersani™ and Solosite™ induced greater wound closure (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The hydrogel-based dressings presented beneficial outcomes in the healing of burn wounds experimentally induced in rats due to their ability in maintain the humidity of the wound, in removing the exudate, in promoting cell migration and collagen production during the different phases of the healing process.

Biofilme em smartphones de profissionais da saúde: padrão de uso e de descontaminação do aparelho / Biofilm on smartphones of healthcare professionals: pattern of device use and decontamination

Objetivo: avaliar a presença de biofilme nas películas de smartphones de profissionais da saúde, investigar o padrão de uso e de descontaminação dos smartphones no ambiente de assistência à saúde em um hospital de médio porte. Métodos: estudo analítico e transversal, realizado com profissionais de saúde que possuíam smartphone. Foram realizadas entrevistas estruturadas e a presença de biofilme nas películas de vidro dos smartphones foi avaliada pela microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Resultados: todas as amostras de películas foram positivas para presença de biofilme, mesmo após descontaminação com álcool a 70%. Dos participantes, 96,4% utilizavam smartphone no ambiente de trabalho, a maioria utilizava o aparelho para fins pessoais e descontaminavam com álcool a 70% com frequência irregular. Conclusões: o smartphone pode servir como fômite, visto que biofilmes foram detectados na superfície das películas. Esses achados apontam para a necessidade de políticas de controle de infecção relacionadas ao uso dos smartphones.

Objective: to evaluate the presence of biofilm on the protective glass films of smartphones of health professionals, to investigate the pattern of use and decontamination of smartphones in the health care environment of a medium-sized hospital. Methods: analytical and cross-sectional study, carried out with health professionals with smartphones. Structured interviews were carried out and the presence of biofilm on the protective glass films of smartphones was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. Results: all film samples were positive for the presence of biofilm, even after decontamination with alcohol 70%. 96.4% of the participants used a smartphone in the work environment, most used the device for personal purposes and decontaminated it with alcohol 70% with irregular frequency. Conclusion(s): the smartphones can serve as a fomite, considering that biofilms were detected on the surface of the films. These findings point to the need for infection control policies related to the use of smartphones.

Treatment of experimentally induced partial-thickness burns in rats with different silver-impregnated dressings

Purpose: To evaluate the morphometric, macroscopic and microscopic aspects of experimentally induced partial-thickness burns in rats treated with different silver-based dressings. Methods: Wistar rats were used, divided into six treatments: saline (NaCl 0.9%); silver sulfadiazine 1%; Silvercel; Mepilex Ag; Aquacel Ag and Acticoat. The animals were monitored daily and euthanized at 7, 14 and 30 days after injury induction (DAI). Results: At 7 DAI, necrosis/crust was greater in control, silver sulfadiazine and Mepilex Ag treatments, granulation tissue was induced by Aquacel Ag, polymorphonuclear infiltrate (PMN) infiltration was intensified by Mepilex Ag; mononuclear infiltrate (MN) infiltration and angiogenesis were increased by Silvercel. At 14 DAI, hemorrhage was decreased by Silvercel and Mepilex Ag, PMN infiltration increased by Acticoat. At 30 DAI, angiogenesis was greater in the Acticoat treatment and fibroblasts were increased by Acticoat and Mepilex Ag. Collagen was induced at 14 DAI by silver sulfadiazine and Aquacel Ag and, at 30 DAI, by silver sulfadiazine and Silvercel treatments. Conclusions: Silvercel and Acticoat presented better results than the other products. However, all the dressings were better than the control at some point during the process, and may contribute to the healing of partial thickness burns. Silvercel and Aquacel Ag treatments induced better cosmetic outcomes regarding wound closure and scarring.

Academic performance, adaptation and mental health of nursing students: A cross-sectional study.

AIM: To evaluate the institutional indicators of academic success, performance and failure and to identify the factors that influence the performance, academic adaptation and mental health of nursing students. DESIGN: Descriptive, cross-sectional study. METHODS: Data collection was performed between April 2018 and January 2020, focusing on academic data of nursing students (n = 348) and answers to a questionnaire with active students of the course with at least two years since admission (n = 88). RESULTS: Academic data indicates negative trends on academic failure and dropouts. Mean academic performance was 7.56 out of 10 and ALEQ-r results showed high academic adaptation in all dimensions, except in the personal dimension of scale. The prevalence of depressive symptoms reported was 60.2% (95%CI: 49.8-70.1%) and presented as predictors of this condition both academic performance and adaptation. CONCLUSIONS: There was found a trend in academic failure and dropouts among nursing students, as well as a relevant prevalence of depressive symptoms despite good average of academic adaptation and academic performance.

Analysis of the factors related to academic disapproval in the education of nurses: A mixed-method study.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the frequency and factors associated to disapproval among nursing students. METHOD: a descriptive and cross-sectional study, outlined by the convergent mixed method. A total of 88 nursing students of a Brazilian public university took part. The Reduced Academic Experiences Questionnaire was used for evaluating academic adaptation. The association of the variables in the study with disapproval was verified by bivariate analysis. RESULTS: the frequency of disapprovals in the sample was 68.2%, recurrences in the same discipline in 39.8%, with the associated factors: age over or equal to 22 years old (p=0.015), family income below 2 minimum wages (p=0.019) and lag in the curricular flow (p<0.001). Disciplines with higher frequencies of disapprovals are of the basic area, taught in the first two years of the course and common to the health courses. Students without disapprovals had better perception of physical and psychological well-being (p=0.002), good interpersonal relationships (p=0.017) and more assertive study behaviors (p=0.005). Personal, study-related and institutional issues were motivating. CONCLUSION: the results reveal a high rate of disapproval, especially in the basic area. An association was found between disapprovals and mental health for nursing students during their education process, and difficulties were pointed out that can culminate with the disapproval rate in the curricular flow.

A vulnerabilidade de agentes comunitários de saúde frente ao risco biológico / The vulnerability of community health workers to biological risk

Os objetivos foram identificar as exposições ocupacionais a material biológico entre agentes comunitários de saúde; caracterizar os modos de exposição, as secreções orgânicas e as circunstâncias envolvidas; descrever as condutas adotadas e verificar a participação desses trabalhadores em capacitações sobre risco biológico e biossegurança. Estudo transversal descritivo. Participaram 80 agentes dos 89 integrantes de equipes de saúde da família de um distrito sanitário do município de Goiânia. Resultados: 23 (28,8%) referiram exposição ocupacional, 10 (43,5%) citaram mais de uma exposição. A maioria envolveu saliva em pele íntegra ou em mucosa. Menos da metade deles referiu participação em capacitações abordando risco biológico e biossegurança. Agentes comunitários de saúde foram expostos a material biológico e, predominantemente, não estavam preparados. Políticas públicas direcionadas a estes trabalhadores devem contemplar claramente o risco biológico e seu controle para direcionar estratégias, conferir proteção trabalhista e garantir a incorporação desta temática na formação desse grupo.

The objectives were to identify occupational exposure of community health workers to biological material; to characterize the means of exposure, organic secretions and circumstances involved; to describe the behaviors adopted, and verify the participation of these workers in training on biological risk and biosafety. Descriptive cross-sectional study. Participants comprised 80 workers of the 89 members of family health teams from a sanitary district of the municipality of Goiânia. Results: 23 (28.8%) reported occupational exposure and 10 (43.5%) reported more than one exposure. Most exposures involved saliva on intact skin or mucous membrane. Less than half reported participating in any form of training that addressed biological risk and biosafety. The community health workers were exposed to biological material and they were predominantly unprepared. Public policies for these workers must clearly observe biological risk and its control as a strategy guideline, provide worker protection, and ensure this subject is included in the education of community health workers.

Analysis of the factors related to academic disapproval in the education of nurses: A mixed-method study / Análise dos fatores relacionados à reprovação acadêmica na formação do enfermeiro: estudo de método misto / Análisis de los factores relacionados con la reprobación académica en la educación de Enfermería: un estudio de método mixto

Objective: to evaluate the frequency and factors associated to disapproval among nursing students. Method: a descriptive and cross-sectional study, outlined by the convergent mixed method. A total of 88 nursing students of a Brazilian public university took part. The Reduced Academic Experiences Questionnaire was used for evaluating academic adaptation. The association of the variables in the study with disapproval was verified by bivariate analysis. Results: the frequency of disapprovals in the sample was 68.2%, recurrences in the same discipline in 39.8%, with the associated factors: age over or equal to 22 years old (p=0.015), family income below 2 minimum wages (p=0.019) and lag in the curricular flow (p<0.001). Disciplines with higher frequencies of disapprovals are of the basic area, taught in the first two years of the course and common to the health courses. Students without disapprovals had better perception of physical and psychological well-being (p=0.002), good interpersonal relationships (p=0.017) and more assertive study behaviors (p=0.005). Personal, study-related and institutional issues were motivating. Conclusion: the results reveal a high rate of disapproval, especially in the basic area. An association was found between disapprovals and mental health for nursing students during their education process, and difficulties were pointed out that can culminate with the disapproval rate in the curricular flow.

Objetivo: avaliar a frequência e fatores associados à reprovação entre estudantes de enfermagem. Método: estudo descritivo, transversal, delineado pelo método misto convergente. Participaram 88 estudantes de enfermagem de uma universidade pública brasileira. Para avaliação da adaptação acadêmica utilizou-se o Questionário de Vivências Acadêmicas Reduzido. A associação das variáveis do estudo com a reprovação foi verificada por análise bivariada. Resultados: a frequência de reprovações na amostra foi de 68,2%, reincidentes na mesma disciplina em 39,8%, com os fatores associados: idade maior ou igual a 22 anos (p=0,015), renda familiar inferior a 2 salários mínimos (p=0,019) e defasagem no fluxo curricular (p<0,001). Disciplinas com maiores frequências de reprovações são da área básica, ministradas nos dois primeiros anos do curso e comuns aos cursos da saúde. Estudantes sem reprovações apresentaram melhor percepção de bem-estar físico e psicológico (p=0,002), bom relacionamento interpessoal (p=0,017) e comportamentos de estudo mais assertivos (p=0,005). Questões pessoais, relacionadas ao estudo e institucionais foram motivadores apontados. Conclusão: os resultados revelam alto índice de reprovações, sobretudo na área básica. Foi encontrada associação entre reprovações e saúde mental dos estudantes de enfermagem durante seu processo de formação, e foram apontadas dificuldades que podem culminar com a taxa de insucesso no fluxo curricular.

Objetivo: evaluar la frecuencia y los factores asociados a la reprobación entre estudiantes de Enfermería. Método: estudio descriptivo y transversal, delineado por el método mixto convergente. Participaron 88 estudiantes de Enfermería de una universidad pública brasileña. Para evaluar la adaptación académica se utilizó el Cuestionario de Experiencias Académicas Reducidas. La asociación de las variables de estudio con la reprobación se verificó mediante análisis bivariado. Resultados: la frecuencia de reprobaciones en la muestra fue del 68,2%, siendo el 39,8% recurrente en la misma asignatura, con los siguientes factores asociados: edad mayor o igual a 22 años (p=0,015), ingreso familiar por debajo de 2 salarios mínimos (p=0,019) y desfase en el flujo curricular (p<0,001). Las asignaturas con mayor frecuencia de reprobación se encuentran en el campo básico, se imparten en los dos primeros años del curso y son comunes a los cursos de salud. Los estudiantes sin reprobaciones tuvieron una mejor percepción del bienestar físico y psicológico (p=0,002), buenas relaciones interpersonales (p=0,017) y conductas de estudio más asertivas (p=0,005). Cuestiones personales, relacionadas con el estudio e institucionales fueron motivadores señalados. Conclusión: los resultados muestran un elevado índice de reprobaciones, especialmente en el campo básico. Se encontró una asociación entre reprobaciones y la salud mental de los estudiantes de Enfermería durante su proceso de formación, y se señalaron dificultades que pueden culminar en el índice de reprobaciones en el flujo curricular.

Temporal trends of ventilator associated pneumonia in adult intensive care units in the municipality of Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil

Given the potential for morbidity and mortality of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), the profile of these infections in adult intensive care units was evaluated in the city of Goiânia. Data were collected from a secondary base in the Department of Prevention and Control of Infection in Health Services, of the Municipal Health Department of Goiânia, from 2014 to 2016, in private (82.7%), public (17.2%), and philanthropic (6.0%) health care services. The rate of use of mechanical ventilation did not change significantly over the three years (32.6%). However, there was a decrease in the mean of VAP incidence density, and in 2016 there was a reduction of 7% in the 90th percentile. These reductions highlight the benefit of the implementation and adherence to bundles by the multidisciplinary team.

Professores da educação básica estão aptos a prestar primeiros socorros? / Are teachers of primary education able to provide first aid?

Objetivo: Identificar qual conhecimento que os professores da educação básica possuem sobre primeiros socorros.Métodos:Estudo bibliográfico, descritivo, tipo revisão integrativa realizado entre maio e julho de 2020 com artigos dos últimos cinco anos das bases de dados PubMed, SciELO e LILACS acessadas pela Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS) utilizando os descritores em Ciências da Saúde "primeiros socorros" e "professores" em português e inglês.Resultados:Foram incluídos neste estudo 40 artigos. Em geral, os conhecimentos dos professores foram baixos e insuficientes. No entanto, mais de 70% deles gostariam de aprender sobre o tema. Profissionais da saúde como fontes de conhecimento foram pouco referidos. Os estudos abordaram primeiros socorros a diferentes situações como acontecimentos gerais, epilepsia/convulsões, traumatismo/avulsão dentária, entre outros.Conclusões:Foi predominanteo baixo nível de conhecimento sobre primeiros socorros entre professores da educação básica evidenciando necessidade de investimentos na formação deprofessores no assunto e na parceria saúde-educação para promoverambientes escolares seguros.

Objective: Identify what knowledge primary education teachers have about first aid.Methods:A bibliographic, descriptive, integrative review study conducted between May and July, 2020 with articles from the last five years of PubMed, SciELO and LILACS databases,accessed by the Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS) using the descriptors in Health Sciences: "first aid" and "teachers" in Portuguese and English.Results:40 articles were included in this study. In general, teachers' knowledge was low and insufficient. However, more than 70% of them would like tolearn about the subject. Health professionals as sources of knowledge were barely mentioned. The studies addressed first aid to different situations such asgeneral events, epilepsy/convulsions, dental trauma/avulsion, among others.Conclusions:The low level of knowledge about first aid among basic education teachers was predominant, showing the need for investments in teacher's training on the subject and inthe health-education partnership to promote safe school environments.

Avaliação das prescrições de enfermagem e médicas para curativos em um hospital universitário: implicações éticas / Evaluation of nursing and medical prescriptions for dressings in a university hospital: ethical implications

Objetivo: Analisar as prescrições de curativo realizadas por enfermeiros e médicos quanto a clareza e a adequabilidade do produto prescrito as características da ferida, bem como analisar as implicações éticas desse contexto. Metodologia: Estudo descritivo quantitativo, realizado em um hospital universitário do Centro-Oeste brasileiro. Compuseram a amostra 180 prescrições de curativos obtidas em prontuários de pacientes com feridas, e as características das feridas foram coletadas por meio de instrumento tipo checklist. Resultados: 92,2% dos registros apresentavam prescrições para a realização dos curativos. Em 7,8% dos registros não havia prescrição de curativos. 93,9% das prescrições estavam incompletas, sendo que em 31,4% foi encontrado divergência entre prescrições de enfermagem e médica no mesmo registro diário. Em 32,3% não havia especificação do produto a ser utilizado no curativo. Em 38,3% a prescrição do produto foi inadequada às características das feridas. Conclusão: Foram evidenciadas fragilidades nas prescrições de curativo que implicam infrações éticas. Os achados reforçam a necessidade de capacitação da equipe e maiores investimentos na formação do profissional em tratamento de feridas. (AU)

Objective: To analyze the dressing prescriptions made by nurses and doctors regarding the clarity and suitability of the prescribed product to the characteristics of the wound, as well as to analyze the ethical implications of this context. Methods: Quantitative descriptive study, carried out in a university hospital in the Brazilian Midwest. The sample comprised 180 dressing prescriptions obtained from medical records of patients with wounds, and the characteristics of the wounds were collected using a checklist-type instrument. Results: 92.2% of the records had prescriptions for dressing. In 7.8% of the records there was no prescription for dressings. 93.9% of prescriptions were incomplete, and in 31.4% there was a divergence between nursing and medical prescriptions in the same daily record. In 32.3% there was no specification of the product to be used in the dressing. In 38.3% the prescription of the product was inadequate to the characteristics of the wounds. Conclusion: Weaknesses in dressing prescriptions that imply ethical infractions were evidenced. The findings reinforce the need for staff training and greater investments in training professionals in wound care. (AU)

Objetivo: Analizar las prescripciones de apósitos realizadas por enfermeras y médicos sobre la claridad e idoneidad del producto prescrito a las características de la herida, así como analizar las implicaciones éticas de este contexto. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo cuantitativo, realizado en un hospital universitario del Medio Oeste brasileño. La muestra estuvo fue compuesta por 180 prescripciones de apósitos obtenidas de historias clínicas de pacientes con heridas, y las características de las heridas se recolectaron mediante un instrumento tipo checklist. Resultados: el 92,2% de los registros tenía prescripción de aposito. En el 7,8% de los registros no había prescripción de apósitos. El 93,9% de las prescripciones estaban incompletas y en el 31,4% había divergencia entre las prescripciones médicas y de enfermería en un mismo registro diario. En el 32,3% no se especificó el producto a utilizar en el apósito. En el 38,3% la prescripción del producto fue inadecuada a las características de las heridas. Conclusión: Se evidenciaron debilidades en la preparación de prescripciones que implican infracciones éticas. Los hallazgos refuerzan la necesidad de capacitación del personal y mayores inversiones en la capacitación de profesionales en el cuidado de heridas. (AU)

Post-vaccination anti-HBs testing among healthcare workers: More economical than post-exposure management for Hepatitis B.

OBJECTIVE: to compare the direct cost, from the perspective of the Unified Health System, of assessing the post-vaccination serological status with post-exposure management for hepatitis B among health care workers exposed to biological material. METHOD: cross-sectional study and cost-related, based on accident data recorded in the System of Information on Disease Notification between 2006 and 2016, where three post-exposure and one pre-exposure management scenarios were evaluated: A) accidents among vaccinated workers with positive and negative serological status tests for hepatitis B, exposed to known and unknown source-person; B) handling unvaccinated workers exposed to a known and unknown source-person; C) managing vaccinated workers and unknown serological status for hepatitis B and D) cost of the pre-exposure post-vaccination test. Accidents were assessed and the direct cost was calculated using the decision tree model. RESULTS: scenarios where workers did not have protective titles after vaccination or were unaware of the serological status and were exposed to a positive or unknown source-person for hepatitis B. CONCLUSION: the direct cost of hepatitis B prophylaxis, including confirmation of serological status after vaccination would be more economical for the health system.

Diagnósticos de enfermagem em pessoas com hanseníase: aproximação entre teoria de Orem e a CIPE® / Nursing diagnoses in people with leprosy: approximation between Orem's theory and the ICNP®

Objetivo: Analisar o perfil de diagnósticos de enfermagem em pessoas com hanseníase, utilizando a teoria de Orem e a Classificação Internacional para a Prática de Enfermagem (CIPE®). Método: Estudo transversal, descritivo, incluiu 24 pessoas com hanseníase, em atendimento ambulatorial. A coleta de dados ocorreu mediante consultas de enfermagem, à luz da teoria de Orem, utilizando- se entrevista e exame clínico. Resultados: O processo de elaboração dos diagnósticos de enfermagem foi apoiado em raciocínio clínico, no modelo de sete eixos da CIPE® e na ISO 18.104. As inferências diagnósticas foram validadas por três juízes. Conclusão: Foram identificados 60 diagnósticos de enfermagem, sendo 51,6% classificados como requisitos de autocuidado de desvio da saúde. O perfil de diagnósticos indica demandas de autocuidado específicas desta população e a necessidade de intervenções organizadas no sistema apoio e educação.

Objective: To analyze the profile of nursing diagnoses in people with leprosy based on Orem's theory and the International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP®). Method: cross-sectional, descriptive study of 24 people with leprosy in outpatient care. Data collection occurred through nursing consultations in the light of Orem's theory, using interviews and clinical examination. Results: The process of nursing diagnoses development was based on clinical reasoning, the seven-axis model of the ICNP® and the ISO 18104. The diagnostic inferences were validated by three judges. Conclusion: Sixty nursing diagnoses were identified, 51.6% of which were classified as health deviation self-care requisites. The diagnostic profile indicates specific self-care demands of this population and the need for the organization of interventions based on the supportive-educative system.

Post-vaccination anti-HBs testing among healthcare workers: More economical than post-exposure management for Hepatitis B / Teste anti-HBs pós-vacinação entre trabalhadores da saúde: mais econômico que manejo pós-exposição para Hepatite B / Pruebas anti-HBs post-vacunación entre los trabajadores de la salud: más económico que el manejo post-exposición para la Hepatitis B

Objective: to compare the direct cost, from the perspective of the Unified Health System, of assessing the post-vaccination serological status with post-exposure management for hepatitis B among health care workers exposed to biological material. Method: cross-sectional study and cost-related, based on accident data recorded in the System of Information on Disease Notification between 2006 and 2016, where three post-exposure and one pre-exposure management scenarios were evaluated: A) accidents among vaccinated workers with positive and negative serological status tests for hepatitis B, exposed to known and unknown source-person; B) handling unvaccinated workers exposed to a known and unknown source-person; C) managing vaccinated workers and unknown serological status for hepatitis B and D) cost of the pre-exposure post-vaccination test. Accidents were assessed and the direct cost was calculated using the decision tree model. Results: scenarios where workers did not have protective titles after vaccination or were unaware of the serological status and were exposed to a positive or unknown source-person for hepatitis B. Conclusion: the direct cost of hepatitis B prophylaxis, including confirmation of serological status after vaccination would be more economical for the health system.

Objetivo: comparar o custo direto, sob a perspectiva do Sistema Único de Saúde, da avaliação do status sorológico pós-vacinação com o manejo pós-exposição para hepatite B entre trabalhadores da área da saúde expostos ao material biológico. Método: estudo transversal e de custo, realizado a partir dos dados de acidentes registrados no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação entre 2006 e 2016, em que foram avaliados três cenários de manejo pós-exposição e um de pré-exposição: A) acidentes entre trabalhadores vacinados com status sorológico positivo e negativo para hepatite B, expostos à pessoa-fonte conhecida e desconhecida; B) manejo dos trabalhadores não vacinados expostos à pessoa-fonte conhecida e desconhecida; C) manejo dos trabalhadores vacinados e status sorológico desconhecido para hepatite B e D) custo do teste pós vacinação pré-exposição. Os acidentes foram avaliados e o custo direto foi calculado utilizando o modelo árvore de decisão. Resultados: apresentaram maior custo os cenários em que os trabalhadores não possuíam títulos protetores após a vacinação ou desconheciam o status sorológico e foram expostos à pessoa-fonte positivo ou desconhecida para hepatite B. Conclusão: o custo direto da profilaxia para hepatite B, incluindo a confirmação do status sorológico após vacinação seria mais econômico para o sistema de saúde.

Objetivo: comparar el costo directo, desde la perspectiva del Sistema Único de Salud, de la evaluación del status serológico post-vacunación con el manejo post-exposición para la hepatitis B entre los trabajadores de la salud expuestos a material biológico. Método: estudio transversal y de costos, basado en datos de accidentes registrados en el Sistema de Información de Enfermedades Notificables entre 2006 y 2016, en el que se evaluaron tres escenarios de gestión posteriores a la exposición y uno previo a la exposición: A) accidentes entre trabajadores vacunados con status serológico positivo y negativo para hepatitis B, expuestos a una fuente de origen conocida y desconocida; B) manejo de trabajadores no vacunados expuestos a una fuente conocida y desconocida; C) manejo de trabajadores vacunados y estado serológico desconocido para hepatitis B y D) costo de la prueba de pre-exposición post-vacunación. Se evaluaron los accidentes y se calculó el costo directo utilizando el modelo de árbol de decisión. Resultados: los escenarios en los que los trabajadores no tenían títulos de protección después de la vacunación o desconocían el status serológico y estaban expuestos a una persona fuente positiva o desconocida para la hepatitis B reflejaron un costo más alto. Conclusión: el costo directo de la profilaxis para la hepatitis B, incluida la confirmación del status serológico después de la vacunación sería más económico para el sistema de salud.

Work accidents with biological material: factors associated with abandoning clinical and laboratory follow-up. / Acidente de trabalho com material biológico: fatores associados ao abandono do acompanhamento clínico-laboratorial.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the epidemiology of abandoning clinical and laboratory follow-up among health workers who suffered accidents with biological material. METHOD: Cohort study based on reported work accidents with biological material in Goiânia/Goiás. Data were analyzed in Stata with descriptive and analytical statistics. RESULTS: 2,104 exposures of the 8,596 reported accidents were analyzed, most of them involving females with completed high school education and belonging to the nursing staff. The accidents predominantly occurred by percutaneous injury involving a needle with lumen during medication administration or vascular access. Follow-up abandonment rate was 41.5%. Predictive factors for discontinuing clinical and laboratory follow-up were age, occupation, use of personal protective equipment (gowns), the object involved in the accident, situation in the labor market, circumstance of exposure and recommended prophylactic conduct. CONCLUSION: Given the high abandonment rate found, it is suggested to implement strategies to ensure follow-up and reduce risks to health workers.

Acidente com material biológico sob a ótica dos estudantes de Enfermagem: reflexões para o ensino / Accidents to biological risk from the point of view of Nursing students: reflections on teaching

Objetivo: identificar atividades de risco para acidentes com material biológico segundo estudantes de enfermagem e o conhecimento das medidas frente ao acidente, descrever frequência e perfil dos acidentes e identificar o atendimento pósexposição Metodologia: estudo transversal, com estudantes de enfermagem de uma instituição de ensino superior no Centro- Oeste, Brasil. Dados obtidos por questionário eletrônico e analisados por estatística descritiva. Resultados: Participaram 126 estudantes, maioria mulheres (96,0%) que referiu orientação prévia acerca do risco biológico. Nenhum citou todas medidas pósexposição recomendadas. Manusear perfurocortante (64,4%) foi o maior risco relatado e a exposição mucosa a causa de três dos quatro acidentes relatados. Desses, dois foram informados aos docentes e seguidas as condutas indicadas. Conclusão: A maioria dos estudantes reconheceu o risco no manuseio de perfurocortante. Três estudantes (2,4%) sofreram acidente (um relatou dois) e três em mucosa. Informar ao docente foi a conduta pós-exposição mais citada, sendo que entre acidentados as condutas mais seguras foram adotadas sob orientação do docente. (AU)

Objective: to identify risk activities for accidents with biological material in the opinion of nursing students and the knowledge of the measures against an accident, to describe the frequency and profile of the accidents and to identify the post-exposure care. Methodology: cross-sectional study with nursing students from a higher education institution in the Center-West of Brazil. Data obtained by electronic questionnaire and analyzed by descriptive statistics. Results: A total of 126 students participated, most of them women (96.0%) who reported previous guidance on biological risk. None cited all recommended post-exposure measures. Handling sharps (64.4%) was the most reported risk behavior and mucosal exposure was the cause of three of the four reported accidents. Of these, two were informed to the teachers and followed the indicated behaviors. Conclusion: Most students recognize the risk in activities involving sharps, but few identify them in other activities involving body fluids. Three students (2.4%) suffered an accident (one reported two) and three in the mucosa. Informing the teacher was the most cited post-exposure behavior, and among the injured, the most secure behaviors were adopted under the guidance of the teacher. (AU)

Objetivo: identificar actividades de riesgo para accidentes con material biológico según estudiantes de enfermería y el conocimiento de las medidas frente al accidentes, describir frecuencia y perfil de los accidentes e identificar la atención post-exposición Metodología: estudio transversal, con estudiantes de enfermería en el Centro-Oeste, Brasil. Datos obtenidos por cuestionario electrónico y analizados por estadística descriptiva. Resultados: Participaron 126 estudiantes, mayoría mujeres, que han mencionado orientación previa sobre el riesgo biológico. Ninguno citó todas las medidas post-exposición recomendadas. El manejo de pinchazo fue el mayor riesgo reportado y la exposición mucosa a causa de tres de los cuatro accidentes reportados. De ellos, dos fueron informados a los docentes y seguidas las conductas indicadas. Conclusión: Tres estudiantes (2,4%) sufrieron accidente (uno relató dos) y tres en mucosa. El informe al docente fue la conducta post-exposición más citada, siendo que entre accidentados las conductas más seguras fueron adoptadas bajo orientación del docente. (AU)

Cicatrização e tratamento de feridas: a interface do conhecimento à prática do Enfermeiro / Wound healing and treatment: the interface of knowledge to the practice of the Nurse

Objetivos: determinar o nível de conhecimento de enfermeiros sobre cicatrização e tratamento de feridas e avaliar a indicação e o tempo de permanência dos produtos utilizados no curativo. Materiais e Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, realizado em um hospital universitário, com a aplicação de questionário para verificação do nível de conhecimento e observação da prática de curativo realizado pelo enfermeiro, quanto a indicação e o tempo de permanência dos produtos. Resultados: Constatou-se baixo conhecimento nos parâmetros: debridamento, exsudato, biofilme e sinais de infecção e em 48,5% das feridas avaliadas a indicação inadequada de produtos ou coberturas. Também foi inadequado, o tempo de permanência dos produtos com recomendação de troca entre 5 e 7 dias. Conclusões: O artigo destaca que os temas debridamento, exsudato, biofilmes e indicação e permanência de produtos devem ser reforçados nos centros formadores e na qualificação em serviço. (AU)

Objectives: To determine the level of knowledge of nurses about wound healing and treatment and to evaluate the indication and the residence time of the products used in the dressing. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study, carried out in a university hospital, with the application of a questionnaire to verify the level of knowledge (N = 18 nurses) and observation of the dressing practice performed by the nurse, regarding the indication and length of stay (N = 110 dressing observations). Results: Low knowledge on the parameters: debridement, exudate, biofilm and signs of infection were observed, and from the observations, inadequate indication of products was found in 48.5%, as well as the time of permanence of those products was inadequate. exchange recommendation between five and seven days. Conclusion: It should be emphasized that the debridement, exudate, biofilms, and indication and length of stay of products should be reinforced in the training centers and in-service qualification. (AU)

Objetivos: determinar el nivel de conocimiento de enfermeros sobre cicatrización y tratamiento de heridas y evaluar la indicación y el tiempo de permanencia de los productos utilizados en el vendaje. En el presente trabajo se analizaron los resultados obtenidos en el estudio de los resultados obtenidos en el estudio de los resultados obtenidos, tiempo de permanencia de los productos (N = 110 observaciones de curativos). Resultados: Se constató bajo conocimiento en los parámetros: debridamiento, exudado, biofilm y signos de infección y, a partir de las observaciones, se encontró una indicación inadecuada de productos en el 48,5%, así como fue inadecuado el tiempo de permanencia de aquellos productos con recomendación de intercambio entre cinco y siete días. Conclusión: Se destaca que los temas debridamiento, exudado, biopelículas y indicación y tiempo de permanencia de productos deben ser reforzados en los centros formadores y en la calificación en servicio. (AU)

Epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection in people living in poverty in the central-west region of Brazil.

BACKGROUND: People living in poverty (PLP) are highly vulnerable to hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology of HBV infection in PLP in the metropolitan region of Goiânia, Goiás State, in the Central-West Region of Brazil. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted from August to December 2016 in adults aged ≥12 years living in poverty. The following serological markers for HBV were investigated: hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), antibody to HBV core antigen (total anti-HBc), IgM anti-HBc, and hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs), which were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Poisson regression analysis with robust variance was performed to verify the factors associated with HBV exposure. RESULTS: The study included 378 participants. The overall prevalence rate of HBV (any viral marker) was 9.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 7.2-13.2). The prevalence rate of HBsAg in combination with total anti-HBc was 0.8% (95% CI, 0.3-2.4), total anti-HBc in combination with anti-HBs was 7.7% (95% CI, 5.4-10.9), and total anti-HBc alone was 1.3% (95% CI, 0.5-3.0) in the population. Furthermore, isolated positivity for anti-HBs was identified in only 25.4% (95% CI, 21.3-30.0) of the participants. Multiple regression analysis revealed that age (adjusted prevalence ratio [APR], 1.04; 95% CI, 1.01-1.07), female sex (APR, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.01-4.73), sexual intercourse under the influence of alcohol (APR, 2.49; 95% CI, 1.36-7.06), and exposure to Treponema pallidum (APR, 3.10; 95% CI, 1.36-7.06) were associated with HBV exposure. CONCLUSION: There was a high prevalence of HBV exposure in PLP in the Central-West Region of Brazil, indicating significant viral spread of the infection. Additionally, there was low serological evidence of immunisation against hepatitis B, indicating that a large proportion of the participants in this study are susceptible to the infection. The results support the need for public health policies that facilitate access to the existing healthcare services in hard-to-reach groups with special regard to immunisation programmes against hepatitis B.

Práticas integrativas e complementares em saúde no tratamento de feridas crônicas: revisão integrativa da literatura / Prácticas integrativas y complementarias en salud para el tratamiento de las heridas crónicas: revisión integrativa de la literatura / Complementary and Integrative Practices in Health for the Treatment of Chronic Wounds: An Integrative Review of the Literature

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar na literatura práticas relacionadas à medicina tradicional e complementar em saúde utilizadas no tratamento de pessoas com feridas crônicas. Materiais e método: estudo de revisão integrativa da literatura, cuja busca realizou-se nas bases: National Library of Medicine (Medicine-PubMed), Web of Science, Eletronic Library Online (SciELO), Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Science Direct (Elsevier), Science Direct (Scopus), e Biblioteca Virtual da Saúde e BVS em Medicinas Tradicionais, Complementares e Integrativas (BVS-MTCI). Resultados: foram analisados 18 artigos que envolvem úlceras de perna (94,4 %) e lesões por pressão (5,6 %). Identificaram-se fitoterapia (66,7 %), apiterapia (22,2 %) e ozonioterapia (11,1 %) como todos desfechos que se relacionavam com cicatrização de feridas. Conclusão: considerando as três modalidades de práticas identificadas e seus desfechos clínicos, evidenciam-se lacunas na literatura. Não há evidências que sustentem indicação de alguma prática no atendimento a essa população, o que reforça o campo promissor de atuação do enfermeiro.

RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar en la literatura prácticas relacionadas a la medicina tradicional y complementaria en salud utilizadas en el tratamiento de personas con heridas crónicas. Materiales y método: estudio de revisión integradora de la literatura, cuya búsqueda se realizó en las bases: National Library of Medicine (Medicine-PubMed), Web of Science, Eletronic Library Online (SciELO), Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Science Direct (Elsevier), Science Direct (Scopus), y Biblioteca Virtual de la Salud y BVS en Medicinas Tradicionales, Complementarias e Integrativas (BVS-MTCI). Resultados: se analizaron 18 artículos que trataban de úlceras de la pierna (94,4 %) y lesiones por presión (5,6 %). Se identificaron fitoterapia (66,7 %), apiterapia (22,2 %) y ozonioterapia (11,1 %) como todos los resultados que se relacionaban con cicatrización de heridas. Conclusión: teniendo en cuenta las tres modalidades de prácticas identificadas y sus resultados clínicos, se evidenciaron vacíos en la literatura. No hay pruebas que sostengan indicación de alguna práctica en la atención a esta población, lo que refuerza el campo prometedor de actuación del enfermero.

ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of this study is to identify in literature the practices related to traditional and complementary medicine in health that are being used to treat people with chronic wounds. Materials and methods: This is an integrative literature review conducted through a search of the following databases: National Library of Medicine (Medicine-PubMed), Web of Science, Eletronic Library Online (SciELO), Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature ( CINAHL), Science Direct (Elsevier), Science Direct (Scopus), and Virtual Health Library and VHL in Traditional, Complementary and Integrative Medicine (VHL-MTCI). Results: Eighteen (18) articles dealing with leg ulcers (94.4%) and pressure injuries (5.6%) were analyzed. Phytotherapy (66.7%), apitherapy (22.2%) and ozone therapy (11.1%) were identified as all the results that were related to wound healing. Conclusion: Taking into account the three types of practices that were identified and their clinical results, it was evident that there are gaps in the literature. There is no evidence to support an indication of any practice in the care of this population, which reinforces the promising field for action on the part of nurses.